Converting UTM to Latitude and Longitude (Or Vice Versa)

Steven Dutch, Professor Emeritus, Natural and Applied Sciences, Universityof Wisconsin - Green Bay

Information on the UTM system
New! Javascript-Convert Between Geographic and UTM Coordinates
The Spreadsheet For UTM Conversion is no longer available
Help! My Data Doesn't Look Like A UTM Grid!

I get enough inquiries on this subject that I decided to create a page forit.

Caution! Unlike latitude and longitude, there is no physical frame ofreference for UTM grids. Latitude is determined by the earth's polar axis.Longitude is determined by the earth's rotation. If you can see the stars andhave a sextant and a good clock set to Greenwich time, you can find yourlatitude and longitude. But there is no way to determine your UTM coordinatesexcept by calculation.

UTM grids, on the other hand, are created by laying a square grid on theearth. This means that different maps will have different grids depending on thedatum used (model of the shape of the earth). I saw US military maps of Germanyshift their UTM grids by about 300 meters when a more modern datum was used forthe maps. Also, old World War II era maps of Europe apparently used a single gridfor all of Europe and grids in some areas are wildly tilted with respect tolatitude and longitude.

Previously, the two basic references for converting UTM and geographic coordinates wereU.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 1395 and U. S. ArmyTechnical Manual TM 5-241-8 (complete citations below). Each has advantages anddisadvantages. These have been entirely superseded by Charles F. F. Karney (2010)Transverse Mercator with an accuracy of a few nanometers. (arXiv:1002.1417) However, this page, based on the earlier sources, is retained for reference.

For converting latitude and longitude to UTM, the Army publication is better. Its notation is moreconsistent and the formulas more clearly laid out, making code easier to debug.In defense of the USGS, their notation is constrained by space, and the need tobe consistent with cartographic literature and descriptions of several dozenother map projections in the book.

For converting UTM to latitude and longitude, however, the Army publicationhas formulas that involve latitude (the quantity to be found) and which requirereverse interpolation from tables. Here the USGS publication is the only game intown.

Converting Between Decimal Degrees, Degrees, Minutes and Seconds, andRadians

(dd + mm/60 +ss/3600) to Decimal degrees (dd.ff)

dd = whole degrees, mm = minutes, ss = seconds

dd.ff = dd + mm/60 + ss/3600

Example: 30 degrees 15 minutes 22 seconds = 30 + 15/60 + 22/3600 = 30.2561

Decimal degrees (dd.ff) to (dd + mm/60 +ss/3600)

For the reverse conversion, we want to convert dd.ff to dd mm ss. Here ff =the fractional part of a decimal degree.

mm = 60*ff

ss = 60*(fractional part of mm)

Use only the whole number part of mm in the final result.

30.2561 degrees = 30 degrees

.2561*60 = 15.366 minutes

.366 minutes = 22 seconds, so the final result is 30 degrees 15 minutes 22seconds

Decimal degrees (dd.ff) to Radians

Radians = (dd.ff)*pi/180

Radians to Decimal degrees (dd.ff)

(dd.ff) = Radians*180/pi

Degrees, Minutes and Seconds to Distance

A degree of longitude at the equator is 111.2 kilometers. A minute is 1853meters. A second is 30.9 meters. For other latitudes multiply by cos(lat).Distances for degrees, minutes and seconds in latitude are very similarand differ very slightly with latitude. (Before satellites, observing thosedifferences was a principal method for determining the exact shape of theearth.)

Converting Latitude and Longitude to UTM

Okay, take a deep breath. This will get very complicated, but themath, although tedious, is only algebra and trigonometry. It would sure benice if someone wrote a spreadsheet (no longer available) to do this. Or better yet, a Javascript page.

P = point under consideration
F = foot of perpendicular from P to the central meridian. The latitude of F is called the footprint latitude.
O = origin (on equator)
OZ = central meridian
LP = parallel of latitude of P
ZP = meridian of P
OL = k0S = meridional arc from equator
LF = ordinate of curvature
OF = N = grid northing
FP = E = grid distance from central meridian
GN = grid north
C = convergence of meridians = angle between true and grid north

Another thing you need to know is the datum being used:

Datum Equatorial Radius, meters (a) Polar Radius, meters (b) Flattening (a-b)/a Use
NAD83/WGS84 6,378,137 6,356,752.3142 1/298.257223563 Global
GRS 80 6,378,137 6,356,752.3141 1/298.257222101 US
WGS72 6,378,135 6,356,750.5 1/298.26 NASA, DOD
Australian 1965 6,378,160 6,356,774.7 1/298.25 Australia
Krasovsky 1940 6,378,245 6,356,863.0 1/298.3 Soviet Union
International (1924) -Hayford (1909) 6,378,388 6,356,911.9 1/297 Global except as listed
Clake 1880 6,378,249.1 6,356,514.9 1/293.46 France, Africa
Clarke 1866 6,378,206.4 6,356,583.8 1/294.98 North America
Airy 1830 6,377,563.4 6,356,256.9 1/299.32 Great Britain
Bessel 1841 6,377,397.2 6,356,079.0 1/299.15 Central Europe, Chile, Indonesia
Everest 1830 6,377,276.3 6,356,075.4 1/300.80 South Asia

Don't interpret the chart to mean there is radical disagreement about theshape of the earth. The earth isn't perfectly round, it isn't even a perfect ellipsoid, and slightly differentshapes work better for some regions than for the earth as a whole. The top threeare based on worldwide data and are truly global. Also, you are very unlikely tofind UTM grids based on any of the earlier projections.

The most modern datums (jars my Latinist sensibilities since the plural of datumin Latin is data, but that has a different meaning to us) are NAD83 andWGS84. These are based in turn on GRS80. Differences between the three systemsderive mostly from redetermination of station locations rather than differences in the datum. Unless you are locating a first-order station to sub-millimeter accuracy (in which case you are way beyond the scope of this page) you can probably regard them as essentially identical.

The NAD83 and WGS84 datums

NIMA Technical Report 8350.2 states:

The WGS 84 Ellipsoid is for all practical purposes identical to the GRS 80 ellipsoid. They use the same value for the semi-major axis and have the same orientation with respect to the center of mass and the coordinate system origin. .... The difference between the GRS 80 and WGS 84 values for f creates a difference of 0.1 mm in the derived semi-minor [polar] axes of the two ellipsoids.
Based on these definitions, geodetic positions determined with respect to NAD 83 or WGS 84 have uncertainties of about one meter in each component. For mapping, charting and navigation, the two systems are indistinguishable at scales of 1:5,000 or smaller and with accuracies of about 2 m.

Formulas For Converting Latitude and Longitude to UTM

These formulas are slightly modified from Army (1973). They are accurate to withinless than a meter within agiven grid zone. The original formulas include a now obsolete term that can be handled more simply - it merely converts radians to seconds of arc. That term is omitted here but discussed below.

Symbols

Calculate the Meridional Arc

S is the meridional arc through the point in question (the distance along theearth's surface from the equator). All angles are in radians.

The USGS gives this form, which may be more appealing to some. (They use Mwhere the Army uses S)

This is the hard part. Calculating the arc length of an ellipse involves functions called elliptic integrals, which don't reduce to neat closed formulas. So they have to be represented as series.

Converting Latitude and Longitude to UTM

All angles are in radians.

y = northing = K1 + K2p2 + K3p4, where

x = easting = K4p + K5p3, where

Easting x is relative to the central meridian. For conventional UTM easting add500,000 meters to x.

What the Formulas Mean

The hard part, allowing for the oblateness of the Earth, is taken care of in calculating S (or M). So K1 is simply the arc length along the central meridian of the zone corrected by the scale factor. Remember, the scale is a hair less than 1 in the middle of the zone, and a hair more on the outside.

All the higher K terms involve nu, the local radius of curvature (roughly equal to the radius of the earth or roughly 6,400,000 m), trig functions, and powers of e'2 ( = .007 ). So basically they are never much larger than nu. Actually the maximum value of K2 is about nu/4 (1,600,000), K3 is about nu/24 (267,000) and K5 is about nu/6 (1,070,000). Expanding the expressions will show that the tangent terms don't affect anything.

If we were just to stop with the K2 term in the northing, we'd have a quadratic in p. In other words, we'd approximate the parallel of latitude as a parabola. The real curve is more complex. It will be more like a hyperbola equatorward of about 45 degrees and an ellipse poleward, at least within the narrow confines of a UTM zone. (At any given latitude we're cutting the cone of latitude vectors with an inclined plane, so the resulting intersection will be a conic section. Since the projection cylinder has a curvature, the exact curve is not a conic but the difference across a six-degree UTM zone is pretty small.)  Hence the need for higher order terms. Now p will never be more than +/-3 degrees = .05 radians, so p2 is always less than .0025 (1/400) and p4 is always less than .00000625 (1/160000). Using a spreadsheet, it's easy to see how the individual terms vary with latitude. K2p2 never exceeds 4400 and K3p4 is at most a bit over 3. That is, the curvature of a parallel of latitude across a UTM zone is at most a little less than 4.5 km and the maximum departure from a parabola is at most a few meters.

K4 is what we'd calculate for easting in a simple-minded way, just by calculating arc distance along the parallel of latutude. But, as we get farther from the central meridian, the meridians curve inward, so our actual easting will be less than K4. That's what K5 does. Since p is never more than +/-3 degrees = .05 radians, p3 is always less than .000125 (1/8000). The maximum value of K5p3 is about 150 meters.

That Weird Sin 1" Term in the Original Army Reference

The Army reference defines p in seconds of arc and includes a sin 1" term in the K formulas. The Sin 1" term is a holdover from the days when this all had to be done on mechanical desk calculators (pre-computer) and terms had to be kept in a range that would  retain sufficient precision at intermediate steps. For that small an angle the difference between sin 1" and 1" in radians is negligible. If p is in seconds of arc, then (psin 1") merely converts it to radians.

The sin 1" term actually included an extra factor of 10,000, which was then corrected by multiplying by large powers of ten afterward.

The logic is a bit baffling. If I were doing this on a desk calculator, I'd factor out as many terms as possible rather than recalculate them for each term. But perhaps in practice the algebraically obvious way created overflows or underflows, since calculators could only handle limited ranges.

In any case, the sin1" term is not needed any more. Calculate p in radians and omit the sin1" terms and the large power of ten multipliers.

Converting UTM to Latitude and Longitude

In response to innumerable e-mails, you cannot use UTM grid coordinates without knowing your zone. There are sixty points on the earth's surface that have the same numerical UTM coordinates, 120 if you consider that northing is duplicated in both hemispheres.

y = northing, x = easting (relative to central meridian; subtract 500,000from conventional UTM coordinate).

Calculate the Meridional Arc

This is easy: M = y/k0.

Calculate Footprint Latitude

footprint latitude fp = mu + J1sin(2mu) + J2sin(4mu) + J3sin(6mu) +J4sin(8mu), where:

Calculate Latitude and Longitude

lat = fp - Q1(Q2 - Q3 + Q4), where:

long = long0 + (Q5 - Q6 + Q7)/cos(fp), where:

What Do The Formulas Mean?

As the sketch above shows, because of the poleward curve of parallels, the footprint latitude is always greater than the true latitude. Q1 is just a scaling coefficient and is constant for any given fp. The tangent term basically means the closer to the pole you are, the faster the parallels curve. Q2 is a quadratic term in x. Again, as with converting from geographic coordinates to UTM, we approximate the parallel as a parabola and add higher order corrections.

To determine longitude, we make a simple minded approximation that longitude is proportional to easting, but then, since fp is too large, the true longitude is smaller, since it lies on a parallel closer to the the equator. The divisor cos(fp) corrects for the varying length of degrees of longitude as latitude varies.

In response to innumerable e-mails, you cannot use UTM grid coordinates without knowing your zone. There are sixty points on the earth's surface that have the same numerical UTM coordinates, 120 if you consider that northing is duplicated in both hemispheres.

A Spreadsheet Program (No Longer Available)

Before linking to the program, note (especially the last item):

JavaScript Page to Convert Between Geographic and UTM Coordinates

References

Yay! Most of these are on-line now.

Snyder, J. P., 1987; Map Projections - A Working Manual. U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 1395, 383 p. If you are at all serious about mapsyou need this book. On-line athttp://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395

Army, Department of, 1973; Universal Transverse Mercator Grid, U. S. ArmyTechnical Manual TM 5-241-8, 64 p. Superseded by DMATM 8358.2 The Universal Grids: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS).  
On-line athttp://earth-info.nga.mil/gandG/publications/tm8358.2/TM8358_2.pdf

NIMA Technical Report 8350.2, "Department of Defense World GeodeticSystem 1984, Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems,"Second Edition, 1 September 1991 and its supplements. The report is availablefrom the NIMA Combat Support Center and its stock number is DMATR83502WGS84.Non-DoD requesters may obtain the report as a public sale item from the U.S.Geological Survey, Box 25286, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 orby phone at 1-800-USA-MAPS. On-line athttp://earth-info.nga.mil/gandG/publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf

Karney, Charles F.F., 2010, Transverse Mercator with an accuracy of a few nanometers, http://arxiv.org/abs/1002.1417v3. Provides accuracy to within nanometers (a few atoms). Supersedes Snyder and Army, above.

Appendix

These are the formulas based on the original Army and USGS methods. They are superseded by the formulas given by Karney (2010, above. They are retained here for anyone wanting information on the older Army and USGS formulas.

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Created 12 September 2003, Last Update 15 January 2020